FTM bottom surgery is the key stage of care in gender affirming that allows transgender men and non-binary individuals to bring their lower body anatomy into congruence with their gender identity. With global improvements in microsurgery, nerve reconstruction, and tissue engineering by 2026, functionality and aesthetics have increased, making FTM bottom surgery safer and more accessible across countries.
Whether you're researching FTM bottom surgery costs, phalloplasty techniques, or considering medical travel to destinations like Thailand, India, or Mexico, this in-depth guide covers everything you need to know, from preparation and the procedure to long-term results.
What is Bottom Surgery in FTM Transformation ?
Transmasculine bottom surgery, previously referred to as FTM bottom surgery, is a combination of gender-affirming surgeries that transform women's genitalia into men's. It usually is selected by transgender men to be performed for the completion of their gender transition.
The Four Main Components:
- Metoidioplasty - Uses existing genital tissue from testosterone-enlarged clitoris in order to form a small penis.
- Phalloplasty: A fully sized penis is created using skin grafts or flaps from other parts of the body.
- Scrotoplasty: The surgical creation of a scrotum, usually with testicular implants.
- Urethral Lengthening: This procedure extends the urethra through the neophallus, enabling urination while standing.
Bottom Surgery Procedures
Metoidioplasty
Metoidioplasty represents one of the most popular surgical techniques to build neophallus in female transsexuals. The main goal of metoidioplasty is to give the patient “male-looking genitalia” and the possibility to void in a standing position. During this type of procedure, the hormonally enlarged clitoris is used to build a small neophallus. The scrotum is created from the labia majora with insertion of two testicular prostheses. This one-stage procedure includes the removal of internal female genitalia, consisting in hysterectomy, adnexectomy, and vaginectomy, the creation of neophallus from the clitoris, and the reconstruction of the urethra and scrotum. Scrotoplasty is realized by joining both labia majora in the midline and inserting two silicone testicle implants of appropriate volume, in order to suit the patient’s anatomy. Reconstruction of the skin with a well-defined penoscrotal angle offers a real masculine appearance of the external genitalia.
Phalloplasty
Phalloplasty or the surgical construction of an adult-size penis in FTM transsexual patients still represents one of the most challenging surgical procedures in genital reconstructive surgery. Ideally, phallic reconstruction should result in an aesthetically pleasing phallus with sufficient length to allow vaginal penetration and with tactile and erogenous sensibility; it should also allow voiding in standing position.
Choosing the donor site for phalloplasty can be a daunting task. This decision should be made in conjunction with your surgeon, considering your surgical goals and body type.
Radial Forearm Phalloplasty The most common type of phalloplasty is the Radial Forearm Flap Phalloplasty. The thin, supple donor site allows easy tubbing of the flap and shaping it into a phallus; the relatively hairless skin provides erogenous sensation and often allows urethral reconstruction in one stage.
Anterolateral Thigh Phalloplasty The Anterolateral Thigh (ALT) Flap is a skin, fat and fascia flap that has blood supplied by the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex vessels and innervation provided by the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. The thickness of the skin and sub-cutaneous fat are important factors in determining if the ALT flap is indicated. The ALT donor site may require additional procedures to obtain an aesthetically pleasing result.
Delayed ALT Flap The delayed flap technique involves severing the blood supply to the tissue of the upper thigh that will become the phallus excluding the main blood supply, while leaving the tissue in its anatomical location. This will allow the tissue some time to adapt to the new blood supply before being moved to the “new” location, usually about 4-6 months. The delayed flap is an additional step in the ALT Phalloplasty outlined above.
Abdominal Phalloplasty Abdominal phalloplasty is a form of bottom surgery in which skin and tissue from the lower abdomen are used to construct a phallus. This procedure is an alternative to radial forearm flap (RFF) or anterolateral thigh (ALT) phalloplasty with different advantages, specifically regarding donor site visibility and recovery.
Glangplasty Glansplasty is the procedure in creating the corona of glans penis, or penis crown, which has a rounded projecting border. The result would then be a circumcised looking phallus. Glansplasty is usually done during Stage 1 RFF Phalloplasty. For ALT Phalloplasty, Glansplasty is often performed at Stage 2
Why do People Travel Abroad for FTM Bottom Surgery?
People travel for FTM gender-affirming surgery for many different compelling reasons, usually based on disparities in cost, accessibility, and quality of care in their home countries.
Some of the main factors include:
- Lower prices: FTM surgeries in the U.S. or Canada, for instance, can be incredibly pricey, sometimes starting at tens of thousands of dollars. In that respect, comparatively lower treatment costs in places like Turkey, Thailand, or India, even after factoring in travel and accommodation, are quite a bargain.
- Wait times: A lot of the public healthcare systems in the West have very long waitlists for gender-affirming surgeries, sometimes even up to a couple of years.
- Access to specialized surgeons: In some parts of the world, there aren't enough experienced and trained medical personnel to perform FTM surgeries, especially the more complicated forms, like phalloplasty or metoidioplasty. Notably, most places within the medical tourism industry have experienced physicians, with a couple decades of experience along with a great deal of patients.
- Privacy: It also allows for more privacy of the patients, as surgery far from home can mean recovering away from work, family, friends, or the social lives of patients.
- Package: Many clinics can provide all-inclusive packages to manage medical tourism for the patient; the packages generally include surgery, hospital costs, hotel accommodations, food, transportation, and medicines, everything involved in recovery of the trip. It outlines the majority of the logistics involved in the trip, and the recovery related to the trip.
How to prepare for bottom surgery
Most people need to undergo electrolysis, or hair removal, before having bottom surgery.
Hair removal will be done on the skin that will eventually comprise the lining of the neovagina for vaginoplasty. In the case of phalloplasty, hair is removed on the site of the donor skin.
Your surgeon will ask you to stop HRT two weeks prior to your surgery and not restart for two weeks after your surgery. Discuss other medications that you take on a regular basis with your surgeon. They will tell you if you should stop these in advance of the surgery as well.
Some surgeons require a bowel prep before bottom surgery.
Risks and Complications of bottom surgery
Nerve damage can cause partial or total loss of sensation in the neoclitoris as a result of vaginoplasty. A serious problem opening the intestines into the vagina, called a rectovaginal fistula, may occur in some individuals. Vaginal prolapse can also occur. These are all relatively uncommon complications, however.
More often, individuals undergoing vaginoplasty may develop minor incontinence with urination, similar to what one experiences after giving birth; in many instances, such incontinence subsides after some time.
Full metoidioplasty and phalloplasty have the potential for urethral fistula (a hole or opening in the urethra) or a urethral stricture (a blockage). Both can be repaired via minor follow-up surgery. Other complications of phalloplasty include rejection of the donor skin, or infection at the donor site. In regards to scrotoplasty, the body may reject the testicular implants.
Vaginoplasty, metoidioplasty, and phalloplasty all carry the risk that the individual will be dissatisfied with the cosmetic outcome.
Recovering from bottom surgery
This usually requires three to six days of hospitalization, with an additional 7-10 days of close outpatient supervision. Following your procedure, you can expect to be off work or not performing any strenuous activity for approximately six weeks.
Vaginoplasty requires a catheter for about one week. Full metoidioplasty and phalloplasty require a catheter for as long as three weeks, until the point at which you can purge the bulk of your urine through your urethra on your own.
Following vaginoplasty, most individuals typically have to dilate frequently for the first year or two, by means of a graduated series of hard plastic stents. After that, penetrative sexual activity is normally sufficient for maintenance. The neovagina acquires microflora similar to a typical vagina, although the pH level leans much more alkaline. Scars tend to be either hidden in the pubic hair, along the folds of the labia majora, or simply heal so well as to not be noticeable.
FTM Bottom Surgery Results
Physical Changes
- Ability to urinate standing up.
- Improved body congruence and confidence.
- Option for penetrative sex after penile implant.
Emotional Impact
More than 93% of patients are satisfied regarding body image and psychological well-being in various studies. Support groups and post-surgical counseling enhance adjustment.
Long Term Maintenance
Post-operative long-term maintenance after FTM (female-to-male) bottom surgery involves long-term, continued follow-up with a urologist experienced with gender-affirming care, hormone therapy, routine screenings, and monitoring potential complications that might arise.
Cost of FTM Bottom Surgery in 2026
Here are the average costs of Bottom surgery across different countries.
| Country | Average Cost (USD) | What’s Included |
|---|---|---|
| USA | $25,000 – $100,000 | Surgeon fees, anesthesia, hospital stay |
| Thailand | $15,000 – $35,000 | Surgery, stay, transfers, translator |
| India | $8,000 – $25,000 | Surgery, accommodation, aftercare |
| Mexico | $12,000 – $30,000 | Surgeon, hospital, hotel |
| Turkey | $10,000 – $28,000 | All-inclusive surgery packages |
What to Look for While Choosing the Doing Bottom Surgery Abroad?
The right surgeon and clinic is essential for the success of bottom surgery. Here are some factors that you should consider before travelling abroad for the surgery.
- Specialization: Verify that the surgeon specializes in gender-affirming FTM bottom surgery, not general plastic or urology.
- Qualifications: If the surgeon is board certified and has memberships in reputable international organizations, such as the WPATH or ISAPS, safety reasonable, guaranteed consistent worldwide standards of care.
- Experience: Ask how many FTM bottom surgeries they have performed and request before-and-after photos of their patients.
- Accreditation: Make sure the facility is accredited by an international organization, e.g. that they are JCI or ISO certified, and they have an accreditation program for the complex type of surgery you are having.
- Legal and Ethical Requirements: Make sure to educate yourself on the legal and medical requirements in the country you are visiting, such as, a diagnosis of persistent gender dysphoria and letters of recommendation from mental health professionals, if applicable.
FTM bottom surgery in 2026 integrates cutting-edge surgical science with compassionate gender-affirming care. There are greater success rates, improved aesthetics, and a growing ability for trans men around the globe to achieve the body congruence they have long envisioned.
Whether you choose phalloplasty in Thailand or metoidioplasty in India, consulting with a qualified WPATH-compliant surgeon guarantees your safety, satisfaction, and confidence as you advance your gender journey.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long will I be in recovery?
Most FTM bottom surgery has a general recovery range of about 3-12 months depending on your reasons for surgery and the type of surgery completed.
Does the surgery hurt?
Pain with FTM bottom surgery is manageable and should be relieved with prescribed medications. Patients can usually expect pain to dissipate after the first two weeks.
Does insurance cover FTM bottom surgery? In many countries like the US and Canada, insurance may cover gender-affirming surgeries for medical necessity. For medical tourism purposes, payment is usually an out of pocket expense.
What are the risks of having surgery abroad?
Risks are typically limited to lack of follow-up care or communicating with your provider. Always operate using accredited hospitals with skilled and experienced surgeons.
Does surgery improve sexual sensation?
Yes. With modern nerve-sparing surgical techniques, 80-90% of FTM surgery patients report preserved or improved sexual sensation.
References
Djordjevic ML. Novel surgical techniques in female to male gender confirming surgery. Transl Androl Urol. 2018 Aug;7(4):628-638. doi: 10.21037/tau.2018.03.17. PMID: 30211052; PMCID: PMC6127556.
Crane Center for Transgender Surgery. “Phalloplasty Surgery - Crane Center for Transgender Surgery.” Crane Center for Transgender Surgery, 25 July 2025{: rel="nofollow"}
Clary, Sasha. “Bottom Surgery: What You Need to Know.” Healthline, 11 May 2018{: rel="nofollow"}
